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[lyyw] => We recommend that these tests should be extended by measurement of cardiac output, dynamic variables of volume status (stroke volume variation, pulse pressure variation), CO2 gap and central venous oxygen saturation or the combination of these. （Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade:strong）
[laiyuan] => 我们建议通过测量心输出量、容量状态的动态变量(每搏量变异度、脉压变异度)、CO2间隙和中心静脉血氧饱和度或这些的组合来扩展这些检查。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957872
[_updatetime] => 1704957872
[_nrjc] =>
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)
推荐意见
我们建议通过测量心输出量、容量状态的动态变量(每搏量变异度、脉压变异度)、CO2间隙和中心静脉血氧饱和度或这些的组合来扩展这些检查。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
We recommend that these tests should be extended by measurement of cardiac output, dynamic variables of volume status (stroke volume variation, pulse pressure variation), CO2 gap and central venous oxygen saturation or the combination of these. （Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade:strong）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
Array
(
[id] => 1403
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[tjqd] =>
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[guojia] => the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
[pdf] =>
[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => We recommend the replacement of extracellular fluid losses with isotonic crystalloids in a timely and protocolbased manner. （Evidence level: moderate；Recommendation grade:strong）
[laiyuan] => 我们建议及时用等渗晶体液补充细胞外液损失。（证据级别：中；推荐强度：强推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957872
[_updatetime] => 1704957872
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
我们建议及时用等渗晶体液补充细胞外液损失。（证据级别：中；推荐强度：强推荐）
We recommend the replacement of extracellular fluid losses with isotonic crystalloids in a timely and protocolbased manner. （Evidence level: moderate；Recommendation grade:strong）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
Array
(
[id] => 1404
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[title] => Management of severe peri-operative bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
[thumb] =>
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[guojia] => the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => Compared with crystalloids, macro-haemodynamic and micro-haemodynamic stabilisation can be achieved with less volume of iso-oncotic colloids, and less tissue oedema. （Evidence level: low）
[laiyuan] => 与晶体液相比，用更少的等嗜酸胶体可以达到宏观和微观血流动力学的稳定及更少的组织水肿（证据级别：低）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957872
[_updatetime] => 1704957872
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
与晶体液相比，用更少的等嗜酸胶体可以达到宏观和微观血流动力学的稳定及更少的组织水肿（证据级别：低）
Compared with crystalloids, macro-haemodynamic and micro-haemodynamic stabilisation can be achieved with less volume of iso-oncotic colloids, and less tissue oedema. （Evidence level: low）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
Array
(
[id] => 1405
[catid] => 297
[title] => Management of severe peri-operative bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
[thumb] =>
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[nianfen] => 2023
[guojia] => the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => Infusion of colloids in patients with severe bleeding can aggravate dilutional coagulopathy by additional effects on fibrin polymerisation and platelet aggregation. （Evidence level: low）
[laiyuan] => 严重出血患者输注胶体会对纤维蛋白聚合和血小板聚集产生额外影响，从而加重稀释性凝血病。（证据级别：低）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957872
[_updatetime] => 1704957872
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
严重出血患者输注胶体会对纤维蛋白聚合和血小板聚集产生额外影响，从而加重稀释性凝血病。（证据级别：低）
Infusion of colloids in patients with severe bleeding can aggravate dilutional coagulopathy by additional effects on fibrin polymerisation and platelet aggregation. （Evidence level: low）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
Array
(
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[title] => Management of severe peri-operative bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
[thumb] =>
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[tjqd] =>
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[guojia] => the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
[pdf] =>
[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => We suggest the use of balanced solutions for crystalloids and as a basic solute for iso-oncotic preparations. （Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade:weak）
[laiyuan] => 我们建议将平衡溶液用于晶体液，并将其作为等溶剂的基本溶质（证据级别：低；推荐强度：弱推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957872
[_updatetime] => 1704957872
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
我们建议将平衡溶液用于晶体液，并将其作为等溶剂的基本溶质（证据级别：低；推荐强度：弱推荐）
We suggest the use of balanced solutions for crystalloids and as a basic solute for iso-oncotic preparations. （Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade:weak）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
Array
(
[id] => 1407
[catid] => 297
[title] => Management of severe peri-operative bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => In the early treatment phase of uncontrolled massive elective surgery bleeding, we suggest massive transfusion (≥6 to 10 units) with a high ratio (≥1 : 1) of plasma to RBCs.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: weak）
[laiyuan] => 在不受控制的大量择期手术出血的早期治疗阶段，我们建议大量输血(≥6-10单位)，血浆与红细胞的比例要高(≥1:1)。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：低推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957872
[_updatetime] => 1704957872
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
在不受控制的大量择期手术出血的早期治疗阶段，我们建议大量输血(≥6-10单位)，血浆与红细胞的比例要高(≥1:1)。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：低推荐）
In the early treatment phase of uncontrolled massive elective surgery bleeding, we suggest massive transfusion (≥6 to 10 units) with a high ratio (≥1 : 1) of plasma to RBCs.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: weak）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
Array
(
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[tjqd] =>
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => We recommend switching to a goal-directed transfusion strategy (based on Hb and/or physiological RBC transfusion triggers, coagulation factor substitution and platelet transfusion triggers) as soon as possible.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: strong）
[laiyuan] => 我们建议尽快切换到目标导向输血策略（基于血红蛋白和/或生理性红细胞输血触发、凝血因子替代和血小板输血触发）。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957872
[_updatetime] => 1704957872
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
我们建议尽快切换到目标导向输血策略（基于血红蛋白和/或生理性红细胞输血触发、凝血因子替代和血小板输血触发）。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
We recommend switching to a goal-directed transfusion strategy (based on Hb and/or physiological RBC transfusion triggers, coagulation factor substitution and platelet transfusion triggers) as soon as possible.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: strong）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
Array
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => Beta-blockers, variceal band ligation (VBL), sclerotherapy and beta-blockers plus nitrates are recommended as primary prophylaxis for bleeding in cirrhotic patients with high-risk oesophageal varices.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade:strong）
[laiyuan] => β受体阻滞剂、静脉曲张套扎术(VBL)、硬化剂治疗和β受体阻滞剂联合硝酸酯类药物被推荐作为高危食管静脉曲张的肝硬化患者出血的一级预防。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957871
[_updatetime] => 1704957871
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
β受体阻滞剂、静脉曲张套扎术(VBL)、硬化剂治疗和β受体阻滞剂联合硝酸酯类药物被推荐作为高危食管静脉曲张的肝硬化患者出血的一级预防。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
Beta-blockers, variceal band ligation (VBL), sclerotherapy and beta-blockers plus nitrates are recommended as primary prophylaxis for bleeding in cirrhotic patients with high-risk oesophageal varices.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade:strong）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[tjqd] =>
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[guojia] => the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => We recommend that acute variceal bleeding (AVB) should be managed by a multidisciplinary team; a specific multimodal protocol for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage should be available.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade:strong）
[laiyuan] => 建议急性静脉曲张出血(AVB)应由多学科团队管理;应制定针对上消化道出血的具体多模式方案。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957871
[_updatetime] => 1704957871
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
建议急性静脉曲张出血(AVB)应由多学科团队管理;应制定针对上消化道出血的具体多模式方案。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
We recommend that acute variceal bleeding (AVB) should be managed by a multidisciplinary team; a specific multimodal protocol for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage should be available.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade:strong）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
Array
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => We recommend early interventional endoscopy together with vasoactive medication producing splanchnic vasoconstriction (somatostatin, terlipressin or octreotide) in AVB. （Evidence level: moderate；Recommendation grade:strong）
[laiyuan] => 我们建议AVB患者早期行介入内镜检查，同时使用可引起内脏血管收缩的血管活性药物(生长抑素、特利加压素或奥曲肽)。（证据级别：中；推荐强度：强推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957871
[_updatetime] => 1704957871
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
我们建议AVB患者早期行介入内镜检查，同时使用可引起内脏血管收缩的血管活性药物(生长抑素、特利加压素或奥曲肽)。（证据级别：中；推荐强度：强推荐）
We recommend early interventional endoscopy together with vasoactive medication producing splanchnic vasoconstriction (somatostatin, terlipressin or octreotide) in AVB. （Evidence level: moderate；Recommendation grade:strong）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
