W e recommend that the frequent cannabis user be counseled on the potentially negative effects on postoperative pain control. Low- dose, medically supervised use likely has a lower risk of negative effects. ( Level of certainty: Low，GradeA)

W e cannot recommend for or against the routine tapering of cannabis and cannabinoids in the perioperative period.(Level of certainty: Low，GradeI)

We suggest use of a rigid bronchoscope as an advanced technique when the laryngeal inlet is obstructed by swelling and in cases of upper airway stenosis or compression or in congenital or postsurgical tracheal con_x005f_x005f_x005f_x005f_x005f_x005f_x005fstriction or tortuosity (2C).If necessary,a multidisciplinary team (including an otolaryngologist) should be involved.

We recommend immediate verification of successful intubation with both clinical assessment (bilateral and symmetrical breath sounds) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) with sustained EtCO2 waveforms. In cases of difficult intubation or complex patients, use of videolaryngoscopy for a second look, in combination with EtCO2 waveforms and ultrasonography, should be considered to confirm successful tracheal intubation (1C).

We suggest assessing clinical signs like conjugate gaze, facial grimace, eye-opening and purposeful movements to predict successful awake extubation.If measurable, a tidal volume >5 ml kg-1 can support readiness to extubate (2C).

We suggest use of intraoperative corticosteroids, nebulised epinephrine, or both to prevent and treat postextubation stridor when significant airway manipulation has occurred (1C).

We recommend use of high-flow nasal oxygenation（HFNO）, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) for postextubation respiratory support when clinically appropriate (1B).

We suggest verifying optimal tracheal tube position in the tracheobronchial tree in case of complex patients or those with continued clinical instability with chest radiography, visualisation of the carina with a flexible fibre-scope, chest ultrasonography, or all (2C).