HFNO or low-flow nasal oxygen can be beneficial in increasing the time to desaturation in paediatric patients (1–12 years). Strength of recommendation: 2a, Level of evidence: B-R

A nasal flow of 1–2 L/Kg/min (using a HFNO cannula) should be used for apnoeic oxygenation (during attempts at intubation) in paediatric patients (1–12 years).

Videolaryngoscopy is not beneficial in enhancing the success rate of intubation compared to direct laryngoscopy despite improving the glottic view. Strength of recommendation: Class 3 (benefit=risk), Level of evidence: B-R

Neuromuscular blockade may be considered to improve face mask ventilation in the paediatric population (1–12 years). Strength of recommendation – Class 2b, Level of evidence: B-NR

A maximum of two attempts at SGA insertion should be permitted to limit airway management-related complications in paediatric patients

Two-handed mask may be considered improve face mask ventilation in the paediatric population (1–12 years). Strength of recommendation – class 2b, Level of evidence: B-R

Administration of CPAP may improve mask ventilation when difficulty in mask ventilation is encountered in paediatric patients (1–12 years)

A maximum of 2 + 1 attempts (additional attempt should only be done by an anaesthesiologist with experience in paediatric airway management) at tracheal intubation should be permitted to limit airway management-related complications in paediatric patients.

Whenever experienced surgical help is available, tracheostomy may be considered as the preferred technique in situations of complete ventilation failure in paediatric patients (1–12 years). Strength of recommendation: 2b, Level of evidence: C-LD