Perioperative administration of levosimendan may be considered to improve survival following cardiac surgery in patients with poor LV function and perioperative LCOS.(Ⅱb）

It is not recommended to routinely use steroids for lung protection during CPB.(III)

Inhaled pulmonary vasodilators should be considered to improve postoperative acute pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure.(Ⅱa)

Low tidal volume (6-8ml/kg) combined with PEEP should be implemented during CPB, with driving pressure limited to 15cmH₂O to reduce the risk of alveolar injury.(Ⅱa）

TOE is recommended in cardiac surgery procedures unless there is an absolute contraindication.（Ⅰ）

Routinely targeting a high MAP using vasoconstrictors is not recommended during CPB to reduce AKI.（Ⅲ）

The intravenous infusion of a balanced mixture of amino acids should be considered perioperatively, including during CPB, to reduce the occurrence of AKI.（Ⅱa）

The perioperative use of intravenous NAC may be considered in patients with CKD to reduce AKI after cardiac surgeryAnticoagulation with argatroban may be considered in patients with acute HIT type 2 who require cardiac surgery with CPB and have significant renal dysfunction.(Ⅱb）

It is recommended that a minimal value of DO2 of 280 ml/min/m2 be used to reduce the risk of AKI stage 1.（Ⅰ）

Individualized heparin and protamine management should be considered to reduce postoperative coagulation abnormalities and bleeding complications in cardiac surgery with CPB.（Ⅱa）