The neuromuscular blockade may be considered to improve face mask ventilation in children.

Two‑handed mask ventilation technique may be considered to improve face mask ventilation in children.

Whenever experienced surgical help is available, tracheostomy may be considered as the preferred technique in situations of complete ventilation failure in paediatric patients.

A maximum of 2+1 attempts (additional attempt should only be done by an anaesthesiologist with experience in paediatric airway management) at tracheal intubation should be permitted to limit airway management‑related complications in paediatric patients*.

A maximum of two attempts at SGA insertion should be permitted to limit airway management‑related complications in paediatric patients*.

A nasal ffow of 1–2 L/kg/min (using a HFNO cannula) should be used for apnoeic oxygenation (during attempts at intubation) in paediatric patients*

Administration of CPAP may improve mask ventilation when difffculty in mask ventilation is encountered in paediatric patients*.

A cricotracheal puncture should be preferred in paediatric patients less than 5 years of age for performing emergency surgical airway as a rescue technique, if surgical help for performing a tracheostomy is not available.

A cricothyroid puncture should be preferred in paediatric patients between 5 and 12 years of age for performing an emergency surgical airway as a rescue technique, if surgical help for performing a tracheostomy is not available

After the initiation of CPB and induction of hypothermia, reducing the dose of remifentanil after 20-30 min by 30% at 32°C, and immediately by 60% with moderate to deep hypothermia below 28°C, may be considered.(Ⅱb)