No specific recommendation can be made for transfusion thresholds or transfusion ratios.(B-NR,Class IIb)

Anesthesiologists should consider the amount and rapidity of blood loss, the concurrent fluid/acid-base/coagulation profiles, systemic perfusion pressure, and end-organ function in informing perioperative transfusion thresholds ratios. (C-EO, Class I)

Higher ambient temperature before the patient arrives in the oped warmers are reasonable techniques to maintain normothermia. (B-R, Class IIa)

Normothermia should be maintained (core temperature of >36°C) in the perioperative period.(C, Class I)

A multimodal analgesic approach may be considered, but a specific regimen cannot be recommended from the literature. (B-R, Class IIb)

Alpha-2 agonists (clonidine/dexmedetomidine) can be useful analgesic adjuncts during TIVA or inhalational anesthesia to reduce dosing of other agents and opioids, improve postoperative pain, and to reduce PONV. (B-R, Class IIa)

Acupressure point therapy may be considered as an adjunct in a multimodal analgesic regimen. (B-R, Class IIb)

The usefulness of liposomal bupivacaine to reduce pain scores, postoperative opioid use, early mobility, and length of stay is not well-established for major spine surgeries. (C, Class III)

Wound infiltration with local anesthetic may be considered part of a multimodal pain regimen to reduce postoperative pain, PONV, and length of hospital stay. (B-R, Class IIa)

Patient-controlled analgesia may be considered as part of a postoperative multimodal analgesic regimen. (B-R, Class IIb)