We suggest the use of aspirin for VTE prevention after total hip arthroplasty, total knee arthroplasty and hip fracture surgery (high-risk procedures) in patients without high VTE risk. (2C)

We do not recommend aspirin for thromboprophylaxis in general surgery. (1C) However, this type of prophylaxis could be interesting especially in low-income countries（Evidence level:Low；Recommendation grade:Week） and adequate large-scale trials with proper study designs should be carried out. (1C)

Patients should receive preoperative information and counseling regarding the upcoming liver surgery. Brochures and multimedia supports might help to improve the verbal counseling. (2C)

Prehabilitation should be performed in high-risk patients (elderly, malnourished or overweight patients, smokers, or patients with psychological disorder) prior to liver surgery. Prehabilitation should be commenced 4–6 weeks before the operation depending upon the urgency of surgery. The content (physical exercises, dietary interventions, or anxiety reduction exercises) and duration of the prehabilitation program for liver surgery are not clearly established. (2B)

Biliary drainage in cholestatic liver (50 mmol/l) is recommended. For perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, percutaneous biliary drainage should be preferred to endoscopic biliary drainage. Surgery should ideally not be performed until bilirubin level drops below 50 mmol/l. (1B)

Preoperative smoking cessation should be counseled at least 4 weeks prior to hepatectomy. Alcohol cessation is recommended for heavy drinkers (24 g/day for women and 36 g/day for men) 4–8 weeks before surgery. (1A)

A nutritional assessment is necessary prior to all hepatic surgery. Malnourished patients (i.e., weight loss 10% or 5% over 3 months and reduced body mass index or a low fat-free mass index) should be optimized with enteral supplementation at least 7–14 days prior to surgery. (1A)

Due to the lack of evidence, the use of immunonutrition in hepatic surgery is not recommended yet. (2C)

Preoperative fasting of 2 h for liquids and 6 h for solids before anesthesia is safe and can be recommended. (1B)

Carbohydrate loading is recommended the evening before liver surgery and 2–4 h before induction of anesthesia. Preoperative carbohydrate loading is safe and improves perioperative insulin resistance, but it is not clear if it is associated with a reduction of length of stay in liver surgery. (2C)