Alternative routes of administration of analgesics include nasal or transmucosal supply (buccal, sublingual), which can be used in certain situations. (1C)

In the youngest children, if an analgesic cannot be administered orally or intravenously, rectal administration is acceptable. However, this route should be avoided in immunosuppressed children due to the risk of developing perianal abscesses. (1C)

In paediatric postoperative analgesia, continuous subcutaneous supply of analgesics is recommended. (1C)

When the intravenous route of administration has been chosen, the following methods may be used: single doses of analgesics repeated at equal intervals, and continuous infusions, including the commonly used pCA (patient-controlled analgesia) or the NCA method (nurse-controlled analgesia) preferable in paediatric intensive care units (piCUs). (1C)

The route of analgesic administration should be comfortable primarily to the child; therefore, certain conditions should be considered, e.g. the child’s current swallowing capabilities, or presence of an intravenous line (maintaining vascular access in the youngest children after surgery is often difficult, if not impossible, since its presence by itself may cause discomfort in the child). intravenous and oral routes of analgesic administration are most common in children. (1C)

It should be remembered that in correctly conducted analgesia, drugs are not administered on demand. in the case of breakthrough pain, rescue doses of analgesics are applied. in children, analgesics should be administered with consideration, which means that the intramuscular route should be eliminated. (1C)

Small RCTs in laparoscopic colorectal and other surgeries show that TAP blocks reduce opioid consumption and improve recovery. Optimal pain relief appears to depend on the extent of spread within the fascial plane, which in turn is dependent on the type, volume, duration of action of injectate and the accuracy with which the correct plane is identified.（Quality of evidence: Moderate ；Recommendation grade: TAP blocks in minimally invasive surgery: Strong）

Lidocaine infusions can reduce opiate consumption after surgery, whether the treatment reduces the risk of postoperative ileus remains unclear.（Quality of evidence:High；Recommendation grade: Strong）

Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose opioids gives good analgesic effects, has a transient stress-reducing effect, and allows postoperative opiate sparing and is recommended as an adjunct option to general anaesthesia in laparoscopic surgery.（Quality of evidence: Moderate ；Recommendation grade: Strong）

TEA using low dose of local anaesthetic and opioids is recommended in open colorectal surgery to minimise the metabolic stress response and provide analgesia postoperatively. In patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, TEA can be used, but cannot be recommended over several alternative choices。 1：To attenuate the neuro-endocrinal stress response: Laparotomy（Quality of evidence:High ；Recommendation grade: Strong） Laparoscopy（Quality of evidence: Low ；Recommendation grade: Weak） 2：To provide optimal analgesia： Laparotomy（Quality of evidence:High ；Recommendation grade: Strong） Laparoscopy（Quality of evidence: Moderate，for not using it ；Recommendation grade: Strong for not using it） 3：Low-dose local anaesthetic and opioids:（Quality of evidence: Moderate ；Recommendation grade: Strong） 4：To improve postoperative non-analgesic outcomes： Quality of evidence: Recovery of bowel function: High, for using it； Morbidity and mortality: moderate, for using it Length of hospital stay: high, for not using it (laparoscopy, within an ERAS program) Recommendations: Strong