Nebulisation with adrenaline may be considered to reduce post-extubation laryngeal oedema in paediatric patients (1-12years of age) (96% consensus).

Patients referred for elective surgery should have a blood pressure measurement taken in a clinical setting in primary or secondary care in the past 12 months < 160/100 mmHg, or an ambulatory or home blood pressure measurement < 155/95 mmHg. Secondary care peri‐operative teams should accept these blood pressure measurements (weak recommendation based on low‐quality evidence).

Patients at risk of postural hypotension including those who are symptomatic, aged > 80 y or who are diabetic, should be screened with a supine‐to‐stand blood pressure assessment or a sit‐to‐stand assessment (if more pragmatic). In patients with significant drops in blood pressure on standing (drop of 20 mmHg systolic and/or 10 mmHg within 3 min), review medication and subsequently measure and manage blood pressure to standing blood pressure values. Consider referral to specialist care if postural hypotension persists (moderate recommendation based on low‐quality evidence).

Patients should normally take their antihypertensive therapy, including angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, on the day of surgery (moderate recommendation based on moderate‐quality evidence).

Excess and prolonged intra‐operative hypotension should be avoided. Intra‐operative blood pressure management should be targeted to the individual patient and surgical procedure. Intra‐operative targets that are used commonly in higher risk patients are mean arterial pressure > 70 mmHg and/or systolic blood pressure > 100 mmHg (moderate recommendation based on moderate‐quality evidence).

In patients at greater risk of complications of peri‐operative hypotension or hypertension, anaesthetists should, at a minimum, reduce the interval of non‐invasive blood pressure measurements and have a low threshold for continuous invasive blood pressure monitoring (weak recommendation based on moderate‐quality evidence).

Postoperative hypotension should be managed using standard treatments in a timely manner, targeting the patient's pre‐operative blood pressure, surgical procedure and their postoperative physiology (weak recommendation based on moderate‐quality evidence).

In the postoperative period, antihypertensive therapy should be reintroduced according to patients' blood pressure (weak recommendation based on moderate‐quality evidence).

For each of the antithrombotic agents, we suggest that clinicians follow the FDA-approved dosing guidelines.

We suggest that a high dose of apixaban be discontinued at least 72 hours prior to neuraxial block or deep plexus/peripheral block. Consider checking apixaban or aXa plasma level if <72 hours.